1、which of the following statements is not true? a、language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar. b、language is instrumental. c、language is social and conventional. d、language is a system of symbols.
2、the scope of linguistic study may be generally divided into ______________. a、descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics b、sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics c、phonetics and phonology d、interlinguistic study and extralinguistic study
3、saussure made the distinction between _______________. a、langue and parole b、competence and performance c、theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics d、comparative linguistics and historical linguistics
4、chomsky made the distinction between _______________. a、langue and parole b、competence and performance c、diachronic linguistics and synchronic linguistics d、comparative linguistics and historical linguistics
5、as modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___________. a、prescriptive b、sociolinguistic c、descriptive d、sycholinguistic
6、language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.
7、the actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called performance.
8、the fact that children can speak before they can read or write shows that language is arbitrary.
9、according to chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
10、linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
11、a description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
12、is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. most problems in are more concrete, involving the study of language acquisition especially in children and linguistic performance such as producing and comprehending utterances or sentences among adults.
1.2 design features of language随堂测验
1、which of the following is not a frequently discussed design feature of language? a、arbitrariness. b、convention c、duality d、displacement
2、“i can refer to confucius even though he died 2000 years ago.” this shows that language has the design feature of __________. a、arbitrariness b、creativity c、duality d、displacement
3、the design feature of __________ refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. a、arbitrariness b、creativity c、duality d、displacement
4、one of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. this property of language is called ________. a、duality b、productivity c、displacement d、arbitrariness
5、in broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of ____vocal symbols used for human communication. a、conventional b、motivated c、arbitrary d、dual
6、by is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
7、means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
1.3 origins of language随堂测验
1、holds that language originates from the uttering of instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. a、the bow-wow theory b、the ding-dong theory c、the pooh-pooh theory d、the yo-he-ho theory
2、holds that language originated from people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature. a、the bow-wow theory b、the ding-dong theory c、the pooh-pooh theory d、the yo-he-ho theory
3、the bow-wow theory is based on the fact that modern languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo natural souds.
4、now linguists have known the specific origins of human languages.
5、the yo-he-ho theory explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.
6、____________ nfocuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language.
1.4 functions of language随堂测验
1、when people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the ____________function of language. a、emotive b、creative c、phatic d、metalingual
2、which of the following is not a metafunction of language proposed by halliday? a、ideational b、conventional c、interpersonal d、textual
3、the social functions of language do not include_______________. a、informative function b、interrogative function c、phatic function d、metacognitive function
4、the ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas. a、phatic b、directive c、evocative d、performative
5、“language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language.
6、when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language.
7、according to halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.
8、according to halliday's theory of metafunctions of language, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual function.
9、when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.
第一单元语言学导论测试
1、chomsky made the distinction between _______________. a、competence and performance b、comparative linguistics and historical linguistics c、langue and parole d、microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
2、as modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___________. a、prescriptive b、descriptive c、sociolinguistic d、psycholinguistic
3、“i can refer to confucius even though he died 2000 years ago.” this shows that language has the design feature of __________. a、arbitrariness b、duality c、displacement d、creativity
4、in broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of ____vocal symbols used for human communication. a、arbitrary b、motivated c、conventional d、dual
5、there are some well-known theories about the origin of language, among which______ proposes an extremely specific connection between physical and oral gesture. a、the oral-gesture theory b、the bow-wow theory c、the pooh-pooh theory d、the yo-he-ho theory
6、holds that language originated from people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature. a、the pooh-pooh theory b、the bow-wow theory c、the divine-source theory d、the yo-he-ho theory
7、when people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the ____________function of language. a、recreational b、emotive c、phatic d、metalingual
8、which of the following statements is not true? a、language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar. b、language is instrumental. c、language is a system of symbols. d、language is social and conventional.
9、by is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. a、duality b、displacement c、productivity d、arbitrariness
10、all languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics.
11、now linguists have known the specific origins of human languages.
12、“language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language.
13、when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.
14、according to halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.
15、according to chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic performance.
16、the bow-wow theory is based on the fact that modern languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo natural souds.
17、a synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
18、synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
chapter two: phonetics
2.1 phonetics introduction随堂测验
1、pair ___________ doesn’t form a minimal pair. a、gap and cap b、pat and pad c、tip and dip d、cat and act
2、the study of the production of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________. a、acoustic phonetics b、articulatory phonetics c、auditory phonetics d、arbitrary phonetics
3、the study of the physical properties of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________. a、coustic phonetics b、articulatory phonetics c、auditory phonetics d、arbitrary phonetic
4、the study of the perception of speech sounds is closely connected with . a、acoustic phonetics b、articulatory phonetics c、auditory phonetics d、arbitrary phonetics
5、pair is not in complementary distribution. a、spot and pot b、stop and top c、school and cool d、light and glad
6、a single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.
7、when the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.
8、cave and shave forms a minimal pair.
9、phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
10、the tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root.
11、the speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are s. (a is the minimal or smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.)
12、refers to the different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. when two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in .
2.2 english consonants随堂测验
1、the classification and description of english consonants are based on ___________________. a、the position of the tongue b、narrow and broad transcription c、the shape of vocal tract d、the place and manner of articulation
2、according to the manner of articulation, [m] is a ___________. a、bilabial b、plosive c、nasal d、fricative
3、in terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [n], [z] share the feature of ____________. a、palatal b、alveolar c、bilabial d、velar
4、which of the following sounds is a bilabial?_____________. a、[ g ] b、[ d ] c、[ b ] d、[ m ]
5、which of the following sounds is an alveolar?_____________. a、[ g ] b、[ b ] c、[ d ] d、[ m ]
6、the difference between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream.
7、according to the manner of articulation, [s] is a fricative.
8、english consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
9、according to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
10、/d/ is a voiced alveolar stop.
11、are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.
2.3 english vowels随堂测验
1、the classification and description of english vowels are based on ___________________. a、the position of the tongue b、the shape of the lips c、the shape of vocal tract d、all of the above
2、the difference between vowels and consonants lies in ___________________. a、the intonation of the sounds b、the place and manner of articulation c、the aspiration of the sounds d、the obstruction of the airstre
3、a ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. a、back b、central c、front d、middle
4、can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. a、vowel sounds b、consonant sounds c、voicing sounds d、devoicing sounds
5、s are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
第二单元语音学测验
1、the study of the production of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________. a、articulatory phonetics b、acoustic phonetics c、auditory phonetics d、arbitrary phonetics
2、the study of the perception of speech sounds is closely connected with . a、auditory phonetics b、acoustic phonetics c、arbitrary phonetics d、articulatory phonetics
3、pair ___________ doesn’t form a minimal pair. a、gap and cap b、pat and pad c、tip and dip d、cat and act
4、the classification and description of english consonants are based on ___________________. a、the position of the tongue b、the shape of vocal tract c、narrow and broad transcription d、the place and manner of articulation
5、according to the manner of articulation, [m] is a ___________. a、bilabial b、plosive c、nasal d、fricative
6、in terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [n], [z] share the feature of ____________. a、palatal b、alveolar c、bilabial d、velar
7、which of the following sounds is a palatal? a、[ b ] b、[ d ] c、[ g ] d、[ j ]
8、the two sounds [ p ] and [ b ] share the same place and manner of articulation, but they are distinguished by _______. a、voicing b、tenseness c、roundedness d、position of the tongue
9、the voiceless bilabial stop in english is _____________. a、[ p ] b、[ b ] c、[ t ] d、[ d ]
10、the voiceless alveolar fricative in english is ________. a、[s] b、[d] c、[f] d、[v]
11、the difference between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream.
12、according to the manner of articulation, [s] is a alveolar.
13、/d/ is a voiced alveolar stop.
14、velar sounds are made with the back of the tongue raised to touch the velum.
15、when the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.
16、vowels are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.
17、the high front tense unrounded vowel in english is [i:].
18、vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
英语语言学概论期末测试
英语语言学概论客观题试卷
1、the social functions of language do not include_______________. a、informative function b、interrogative function c、phatic function d、metacognitive function
2、chomsky made the distinction between _______________. a、competence and performance b、comparative linguistics and historical linguistics c、langue and parole d、microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
3、the scope of linguistic study may be generally divided into ______________. a、descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics b、sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics c、synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics d、microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
4、one of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. this property of language is called ________. a、duality b、creativity c、arbitrariness d、displacement
5、which of the following is not a branch of phonetics? a、articulatory phonetics. b、acoustic phonetics. c、auditory phonetics. d、arbitrary phonetics.
6、which of the following pairs of words is not in complementary distribution? a、spot and pot b、school and cool c、sleep and sheep d、stop and top
7、according to the place of articulation, [m] is a ___________. a、bilabial b、plosive c、nasal d、fricative
8、in terms of the manner of articulation, the following sounds [f], [ð], [z] are ____________. a、fricatives b、stops c、labiodentals d、alveolars
9、which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? a、[ g ] b、[ d ] c、[ b ] d、[ k ] e、[ p ] f、[ n ]
10、the difference between vowels and consonants lies in ___________________. a、the intonation of the sounds b、the place and manner of articulation c、the aspiration of the sounds d、the obstruction of the airstre
11、the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. a、phones b、sounds c、phonemes d、allophones
12、in coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as . a、progressive assimilation b、anticipatory coarticulation c、perseverative coarticulation d、dentalization
13、the word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables, and _______ morphemes. a、five; three b、six; four c、four; six d、three; five
14、in today’s grammar we normally say that english does not have a “future tense”. this is because in english ________________. a、the future can be expressed in many ways b、the future belongs to the category of “aspect” c、the future is expressed by modal verbs d、the future is not expressed by inflectional variation of the morpheme
15、which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only? a、happiness b、television c、ecology d、teacher
16、______________ grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are. a、prescriptive b、descriptive c、functional d、generative
17、which of the following is not included in the three classes of syntactic relations? a、positional relations b、relations of co-occurrence c、relations of expansion d、relations of substitutability
18、the generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s _________. a、linguistic competence b、linguistic performance c、communicative competence d、pragmatic competence
19、immediate constituents analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in . a、traditional grammar b、transformational-generative grammar c、systemic functional grammar d、structural grammar
20、___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. a、componential analysis b、immediate constituent analysis c、morphological analysis d、phonemic analysis
21、means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. a、reference b、sense c、concept d、signifier
22、the same word has the same _____________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language. a、associative b、reflected c、conceptual d、affective
23、“yellow” has different meanings to chinese or to western people, that is its ____________ meaning. a、conceptual b、stylistic c、denotative d、associative
24、from a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. a、affective b、conceptual c、collocative d、stylistic
25、the sense relation which holds between the pair of words "beef" and "meat" is . a、synonymy b、hyponymy c、polysemy d、homonymy
26、terms like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” which are members of the same class, are called of the term “fruit”. a、co-hyponyms b、synonyms c、homonyms d、antonyms
27、the soldier decided to desert into the desert. here, these two deserts are . a、synonyms b、complete homonyms c、homographs d、homophones
28、means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. a、synonymy b、antonymy c、homonymy d、polysemy
29、x: he has been to france. y: he has been to europe. the relationship between x and y is ____________. a、x entailing y b、inconsistent c、x presupposing y d、synonymous
30、what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether _________ is considered in the study of meaning. a、reference b、speech act c、practical usage d、context
31、when somebody says “morning!”, we can ask a question like “what did he do?”. and the answer could be that he produced a sound, word or sentence. the act performed in this sense is called a act. a、locutionary b、illocutionary c、perlocutionary d、speech
32、_________ is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interaction and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. a、image schema b、category c、metaphor d、metonymy
33、is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. a、regional variation b、register variation c、social variation d、language variation
34、which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? a、crash b、book c、meaningful d、headmaster
35、the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called ___________ . a、sociolinguistics b、psycholinguistics c、applied linguistics d、computational linguistics
36、which of the following pairs of words is not in complementary distribution? a、spot and pot b、stop and top c、school and cool d、light and glad
37、application of the transformational rules yields ___________structure. a、deep b、surface c、phrase d、lexical
38、cognitive linguists look at the sentence “i’m feeling down” as a case of ____________ metaphors. a、ontological b、structural c、orientational d、rhetorical
39、what is the sense relation which holds between the pair of words richer—poorer? a、gradable antonymy b、complementary antonymy c、homonymy d、converse antonymy
40、what is the term that saussure uses to refer to the language system shared by a speech community? a、langue b、parole c、paradigm d、arbitrariness
41、halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language. interpersonal function is to ________. a、construct a model of experience as well as logical relations b、enact social relationships c、create relevance to context d、bring about civilization
42、jakobson established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication, among them, conative function means______. a、to convey message and information b、to indulge in language for its own sake c、to express attitudes, feelings and emotions d、to persuade and influence others through commands and requests
43、the study of the rules governing the structure of speech sounds is in the domain of ________. a、phonology b、phonetics c、morphology d、semantics
44、wh-movement is ________ in english which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. a、optional b、arbitrary c、obligatory d、selectional
45、naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. a、plato b、saussure c、grice d、halliday
46、a(n)_______ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. a、phone b、phoneme c、sound d、allophone
47、in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _________, which is the abstraction of the meaing of a sentence. a、utterance b、reference c、predication d、morpheme
48、which of the following statements can be regarded as fundamental views about language ? a、language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar. b、language is instrumental. c、language is social and conventional. d、some people speak a dialect; others don't.
49、saussure made the distinction between _______________. a、langue and parole b、competence and performance c、theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics d、comparative linguistics and historical linguistics e、synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics
50、the classification and description of english consonants are based on ___________________. a、the place of articulation b、the manner of articulation c、the shape of vocal tract d、narrow and broad transcription
51、the two parts that constitute a syllable include _____________. a、the rhyme b、the peak c、the onset d、the coda
52、suprasegmental features that occur above the level of the segments include ____________. a、stress b、tone c、voicing d、tenseness
53、both _______ and _________ are abstract linguistic units, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environment. a、phoneme b、phone c、morpheme d、morph
54、the syntactic relation of substitutability can also be termed as ___________. a、associative rlations b、paradigmatic relations c、horizontal relations d、syntagmatic relation
55、the factors that may help to produce near synonyms include . a、stylistic difference b、dialectal difference c、conceptual difference d、denotative difference
56、the pairs of words ______ and ______ can be regarded as complementary antonyms. a、male vs. female b、hot vs. cold c、innocent vs. guilty d、employer vs. employee
57、which of the following words are marked words? a、small. b、short. c、long. d、big.
58、what are the two kinds of processes that lead to polysemy? a、radiation b、concatenation c、derivation d、inflection
59、in specifying the maxism of manner in his cooperative principle theory, grice mentioned all the following except "_________". a、be brief b、be relevant c、be perspicuous d、be specific
60、which of the following are mentioned by grice as the characteristics of conversational implicature? a、calculability. b、cancellability. c、detachability. d、conventionality.
61、which of the following can be regarded as the main contributions of the prague school? a、it sees language in terms of function. b、it made the distinction between phonetics and phonology. c、it introduced the concept of arbitrariness of the linguistic sign. d、it established the descriptive approach to the study of language.
62、which of the following pairs of sounds are distinctive phonemes in english? a、[p], [b] b、[f], [v] c、[p], [pʰ ] d、[ɫ], [l]
63、which of the following words are formed through backformation? a、burgle b、greed c、female d、bridegroom
64、which of the following types of words are not function words? a、prepositions. b、conjunctions. c、adjectives. d、numerals.
65、the yo-he-ho theory explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.
66、when people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language.
67、the words cave and shave form a minimal pair.
68、a single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.
69、vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
70、speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.
71、phonetics is different from phonology in that the former studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication, and the latter studies the production, transmission and perception of individual sounds.
72、in the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [pʰ].
73、in english, the distinction between aspirated [pʰ] and unaspirated [p] is phonemic.
74、the rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
75、stems in english can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
76、derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
77、the syntactic rules of any language are infinit in number.
78、sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
79、the word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
80、contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
81、the meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
82、adults' correction of children's speech determines how children speak.
83、children are born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, so it means that the biological basis is the only requirement for the first language acquisition.
84、language variation is diachronic while language change is synchronic.
85、in terms of approach, all the structuralists take a prescriptive approach to the linguistic description of language.
86、the generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.
87、synchronic linguistics studies language at a theoretical "point" in time.
88、psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. it aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.
89、the conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.
90、any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.
英语语言学概论主观题试卷
1、what is the relationship between the deep structure and surface structure?
2、a speech act consists of three related acts according to john austin’s speech act theory. what are they? analyze the following conversation in the light of speech act theory. customer: waiter! there is a fly in my soup. waiter: don't worry, there is no extra charge.
chapter three: phonology
3.1 phonology introduction随堂测验
1、of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible. a、mouth b、lips c、tongue d、vocal cords
2、a(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. it is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. a、phone b、sound c、allophone d、phoneme
3、the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. a、phones b、sounds c、phonemes d、allophones
4、since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. a、in phonemic contrast b、in complementary distribution c、the allophones d、minimal pair
5、the assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. a、identical b、the same c、exactly alike d、similar
6、phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
7、phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
8、the rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
9、distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
10、when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
3.2 coarticulation随堂测验
1、when such simultaneous or overlapping articulation are involved, we call the process . a、coarticulation b、aspiration c、nasalization d、epenthesis
2、in producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the _____ . a、vocal folds b、vocal cords c、nasal tract d、larynx
3、the fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call . a、nasalization b、velarization c、aspiration d、devoicing
4、in coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as . a、perseverative coarticulation b、dentalization c、anticipatory coarticulation d、progressive assimilation
5、when we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a . a、narrow transcription b、aspiration c、nasalization d、broad transcription
6、in english, the distinction between aspirated [pʰ] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic.
7、in the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [p].
8、aspiration is a distinctive feature in english.
9、in phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the “narrow” transcription.
10、speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.
11、simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. if the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory ; if the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative .
3.3 epenthesis and distinctive feature随堂测验
1、distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ______. a、phonetic components b、immediate constituents c、suprasegmental features d、semantic features
2、a(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. it is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. a、phone b、sound c、allophone d、phoneme
3、a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as ____. a、apocope b、epenthesis c、parenthesis d、antithesis
4、distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
5、a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as .
6、the basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of . but it is an abstract unit. to be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
3.4 suprasegmentals随堂测验
1、which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature? a、tone b、intonation c、stress d、syllable
2、in a syllable, a vowel often serves as ____________. a、peak or nucleus b、onset c、coda d、sequence
3、the word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables. a、five b、six c、three d、four
4、distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______. a、phonetic components b、immediate constituents c、suprasegmental features d、semantic features
5、the features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning are called , which include syllable structure, stress, tone and intonation.
6、when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as .
3.5 syllable随堂测验
1、sound assimilation may bring about the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence, as in the case of change of “engla-land” to “england”.
2、refers to the phenomenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence.
第三单元音系学测验
1、a(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. it is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. a、phone b、sound c、allophone d、phoneme
2、the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. a、phones b、sounds c、phonemes d、allophones
3、since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. a、in phonemic contrast b、in complementary distribution c、the allophones d、minimal pair e、free variations
4、the assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. a、identical b、the same c、exactly alike d、similar
5、the fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call . a、nasalization b、velarization c、aspiration d、devoicing
6、in coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as . a、anticipatory coarticulation b、progressive assimilation c、perseverative coarticulation d、dentalization
7、distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ______. a、phonetic components b、syllables c、suprasegmental features d、allophonic variation
8、a(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. it is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. a、phone b、sound c、allophone d、phoneme
9、in a syllable, a vowel often serves as ____________. a、peak or nucleus b、onset c、coda d、sequence
10、the word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables. a、five b、six c、four d、three
11、phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
12、phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
13、in the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [p].
14、in english, the distinction between aspirated [pʰ] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic.
15、aspiration is a distinctive feature in english.
16、in phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the “narrow” transcription.
17、speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.
chapter four: morphology
4.1 morphology introduction随堂测验
1、derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing form to construct new words. english derivational affixes are divided into ________and _______. a、prefixes, infixes b、suffixes and infixes c、prefixes, suffixes d、morphemes, allomorphs
2、in the word “unavailability”, ______________ is the root. a、un b、available c、avail d、ability
3、in today’s grammar we normally say that english does not have a “future tense”. this is because in english ________________. a、the future is not expressed by morphological change b、the future can be expressed in many ways c、the future belongs to the category of “aspect” d、the future is expressed by modal verbs
4、the morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a(n)____________. a、free morpheme b、bound form c、inflectional morpheme d、bound morpheme
5、which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only? a、happiness b、television c、ecology d、teacher
6、morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
7、–ing is an “inflectional suffix”.
8、stems in english can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
9、the bound morpheme in “apples” is an inflectional morpheme.
10、although is an open-class word.
11、refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. that is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. and can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root morpheme.
12、a morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments. each of the phonetic forms or variants is a morph. a single morpheme may be phonetically realized as two or more morphs. the different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the of that morpheme.
4.2 word formation随堂测验
1、__________can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups of words: table--tables, influenza--flu. a、inflection and abbreviation b、compound and derivation c、inflection and derivation d、derivation and blending
2、which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem? a、compound b、inflection c、derivation d、coinage
3、__________can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), eurodollar (from european dollar). a、back-formation and blending b、compound and derivation c、inflection and derivation d、derivation and blending
4、__________can best describe the following group of words: table—tables, day break—daybreak. a、inflection and compound b、compound and derivation c、inflection and derivation d、derivation and blending
5、can best describe the following group of words: advertisement— ad, bicycle—bike. a、compound b、abbreviation c、derivation d、coinage
6、“invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial pan of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
7、blending is a relatively complex form of compounding.
8、derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
9、inflection shows a relationship between roots and affixes.
第四单元形态学测验
1、derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing form to construct new words. english derivational affixes are divided into ________and _______. a、prefixes, infixes b、suffixes and infixes c、prefixes, suffixes d、morphemes, allomorphs
2、in the word “unavailability”, ______________ is the root. a、un b、available c、avail d、ability
3、in today’s grammar we normally say that english does not have a “future tense”. this is because in english ________________. a、the future is not expressed by morphological change b、the future can be expressed in many ways c、the future belongs to the category of “aspect” d、the future is expressed by modal verbs
4、the morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a(n)____________. a、free morpheme b、bound form c、inflectional morpheme d、bound morpheme
5、which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem? a、compound b、inflection c、derivation d、coinage
6、__________can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups words: table--tables, influenza--flu. a、inflection and abbreviation b、compound and derivation c、inflection and derivation d、derivation and blending
7、__________can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), eurodollar (from european dollar). a、back-formation and blending b、compound and derivation c、inflection and derivation d、derivation and blending
8、which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only? a、teacher b、ecology c、television d、happiness e、friendship
9、refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. that is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. a、root b、morpheme c、phoneme d、stem
10、the different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the of that morpheme. a、morphs b、allomorphs c、phones d、allophones
11、morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
12、–ing is an “inflectional suffix”.
13、stems in english can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
14、the bound morpheme in “apples” is an inflectional morpheme.
15、”although“ is an open-class word.
16、a morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments.
17、“invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
18、derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
chapter five: syntax
5.1 concept of grammar随堂测验
1、a sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. a、right b、wrong c、grammatical d、ungrammatical
2、a __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. a、coordinator b、particle c、preposition d、subordinator
3、phrase structure rules have ____ properties. a、recursive b、grammatical c、social d、functional
4、phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. a、how words and phrases form sentences. b、what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words c、how people produce and recognize possible sentences d、all of the above.
5、the syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. a、large b、small c、finite d、infinite
6、descriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.
7、universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
8、the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
9、in a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
5.2 syntactic relations随堂测验
1、a __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. a、coordinator b、particle c、preposition d、subordinator
2、which of the following is not included in the three classes of syntactic relations? a、positional relations b、relations of co-occurrence c、relations of expansion d、relations of substitutability
3、the theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________. a、noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions b、noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase c、noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions d、noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary
4、the sentence structure is ________. a、only linear b、only hierarchical c、complex d、both linear and hierarchical
5、refers to a relation holding between elements replaced with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent. a、syntagmatic relation b、morphological c、linguistic d、paradigmatic relation
6、constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
7、sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
8、what is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
9、wh-movement is obligatory in english which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
10、in a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
5.3 ic analysis随堂测验
1、the structural approach to the analysis of language is connected with____________. a、theme and rheme b、government and binding c、immediate constituent analysis d、mood and modality
2、phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. a、how words and phrases form sentences b、what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words c、how people produce and recognize possible sentences d、all of the above
3、immediate constituents analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in . a、transformational generative grammar b、systemic functional grammar c、traditional grammar d、structural grammar
4、refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
5.4 grammatical construction随堂测验
1、which of the following is a right-headed endocentric compound? a、make-up b、night-school c、takehome d、pickpocket
2、typical endocentric constructions are not . a、noun phrases b、prepositional phrases c、adjective phrases d、verb phrases
3、the three small children with children as its head, belongs to . a、endocentric construction b、exocentric construction c、d-structure d、immediate constituents
4、construction is the grammatical structure of a sentence or any smaller unit, represented by a set of elements and relations between elements.
5、construction can be divided into two types: endocentric construction and exocentric construction.
6、exocentric construction is also called headed construction.
7、endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction.
8、is just the opposite of endocentric construction. if refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable “centre” or “head” inside the group. exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb object) construction, and connective (be complement) construction.
9、is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.
5.5 tg grammar随堂测验
1、syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________. a、transformational rules b、generative rules c、phrase structure rules d、x-bar theory
2、_______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. a、generative b、transformational c、x-bar d、phrase structure
3、the representative figure of tg grammar is . a、halliday b、chomsky c、malinowski d、saussure
4、a grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a grammar. a、systemic b、descriptive c、generative d、functional
5、the generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.
6、it is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of d-structure.
7、are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.
8、is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of d-structure.
第五单元句法学测试
1、phrase structure rules have ____ properties. a、recursive b、grammatical c、social d、functional
2、the syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. a、large b、small c、finite d、infinite
3、which of the following is not included in the three classes of syntactic relations? a、positional relations b、relations of co-occurrence c、relations of expansion d、relations of substitutability
4、the sentence structure is ________. a、only linear b、only hierarchical c、complex d、both linear and hierarchical
5、____ refers to a relation holding between elements replaced with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent. a、syntagmatic relation b、paradigmatic relation c、horizontal relation d、syntactic relation
6、the structural approach to the analysis of language is connected with____________. a、theme and rheme b、government and binding c、immediate constituent analysis d、mood and modality
7、immediate constituents analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in . a、transformational generative grammar b、systemic functional grammar c、traditional grammar d、structural grammar
8、________ construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head. a、endocentric b、exocentric c、coordinate d、subordinate
9、which of the following is a right-headed endocentric compound? a、make-up b、night-school c、takehome d、pickpocket e、forget-me-not
10、the three small children with children as its head, belongs to . a、endocentric construction b、exocentric construction c、d-structure d、immediate constituents
11、which of the following type of grammatical construction is not a typical endocentric construction? a、prepositional phrase b、noun phrases c、adjective phrases d、verb phrases
12、_______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. a、transformational b、phrase structure c、x-bar d、generative
13、descriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are.
14、universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
15、the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
16、in a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
17、the syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.
18、endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction.
19、exocentric construction is also called headed construction.
20、the generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.
chapter six: semantics
6.1 semantics: introduction随堂测验
1、componential analysis is a method applied in the field of __________ . a、phonetics b、syntax c、semantics d、pragmatics
2、can be defined as the study of meaning. a、phonetics b、syntax c、semantics d、pragmatics
3、the naming theory is advanced by ________. a、plato b、bloomfield c、geoffrey leech d、firth
4、which of the following is not true? a、sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. b、sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. c、sense is abstract and decontextualized. d、sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
5、___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. a、predication analysis b、componential analysis c、phonemic analysis d、grammatical analysis
6、sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
7、linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
8、in semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
9、behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
10、most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
11、can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
12、is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de contextualised.
13、means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
6.2 classification of meaning随堂测验
1、what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis is what leech recognizes as ____________ meaning. a、connotative b、thematic c、collocative d、social
2、the same word has the same _____________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language. a、associative b、affective c、reflected d、conceptual
3、“yellow” has different meanings to chinese or to western people, that is its ____________ meaning. a、associative b、conceptual c、denotative d、stylistic
4、from a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. a、affective b、associative c、stylistic d、collocative
5、leech says that makes up the central part. a、associative b、affective c、reflected d、conceptual
6、is the first type of meaning recognized by leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. in other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. but leech also uses “sense” as a briefer term for this conceptual meaning. as a result, leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.
6.3 synonymy随堂测验
1、“fall” and “autumn” are ___________________synonyms. a、stylistic b、absolute c、phrasal d、dialectal
2、words that are close in meaning are called ______________. a、homonyms b、polysemy c、hyponyms d、synonyms
3、the following are factors that help to produce near synonyms except . a、conceptual difference b、stylistic difference c、dialectal difference d、connotative difference
4、refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
6.4 antonymy随堂测验
1、which of the following is a pair of relational opposites? a、single vs. married b、hot vs. cold c、alive vs. dead d、husband vs. wife
2、“big” and “small” are ____________ antonyms. a、gradable b、complementary c、converse d、relational
3、all the following are marked words except _______. a、small b、low c、old d、short
4、“alive” and “dead” are ________. a、gradable antonyms b、relational opposites c、complementary antonyms d、none of the above
5、is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types. a、hyponymy b、antonymy c、polysemy d、synonymy
6、refers to the oppositeness of meaning. words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. it can be divided into gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, converse antonymy or relational opposites.
7、refer to those kind of antonyms which are complementary to each other. that is, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. not only he is alive means “he is not dead”, he is not alive also means “he is dead.”
6.5 hyponymy随堂测验
1、the lower terms for a superordinate are _____________. a、hyponyms b、class members c、synonyms d、homonyms
2、the upper terms in the sense relation of hyponymy is called _____________. a、superordinate b、hypomym c、synonyms d、homonyms
3、the sense relation which holds the pair of words beef—meat is . a、synonymy b、hyponymy c、synonyms d、homonyms
4、terms like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” are of the term “fruit”. a、hyponyms b、antonyms c、synonyms d、homonyms
5、refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
6.6 homonymy随堂测验
1、___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. a、polysemy b、synonymy c、homonymy d、hyponymy
2、pupil (student) and pupil (of eye) are known as . a、synonyms b、complete homonyms c、homographs d、homophones
3、it’s everybody’s right, right? in this sentence, these two rights are . a、synonyms b、complete homonyms c、homographs d、homophones
4、words berry and bury are a、synonyms b、complete homonyms c、homographs d、homophones
5、the soldier decided to desert into the desert. here, these two deserts are . a、synonyms b、complete homonyms c、homographs d、homophones
6、the word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
7、homonymy can be divided into three types.
6.7 polysemy随堂测验
1、the word polysemy is of rigin (gk polys, much sema, meaning). a、american b、british c、greek d、australian
2、means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. a、synonymy b、antonymy c、homonymy d、polysemy
3、of the three ways to express new ideas, new processes, new products, the simplest one is to . a、have old words take on additional meaning b、form a new word c、borrow a word from other languages d、none of above
4、there are processes leading to polysemy. a、2 b、3 c、4 d、5
5、in english as in any language the number of meanings is larger than the number of words.
6、radiation and concatenation are processes leading to polysemy.
7、semantically, concatenation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.
8、radiation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.
9、refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. a word having more than one meaning is called polysemic word.
6.8 componential analysis随堂测验
1、componential analysis is a method applied in the field of __________ . a、phonetics b、syntax c、semantics d、pragmatics
2、the verb “take” can be analyzed in the following way according to componential analysis. a、take＝cause(x, (have (x,y))) b、take＝cause(x, (～have(x,y))) c、take＝cause(x, (become (x,y))) d、take＝cause(～, (become (x,y)))
3、when a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” means . a、＋human b、＋human ＋adult c、＋human ＋adult —male d、＋human ＋adult —male ＋parent
4、is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. this approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties.
6.9 sentence meaning随堂测验
1、what semantic relation do the following sentences have? a. my daughter likes reading. b. i have a daughter. a、contradiction b、entailment c、synonymy d、presupposition
2、x: he has been to france. y: he has been to europe. the relationship of x and y is ____________. a、x entailing y b、synonymous c、inconsistent d、x presupposing y
3、“can i borrow your bike?”_______ “you have a bike.” a、is synonymous with b、is inconsistent with c、entails d、presupposes
4、“semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a . a、synonymy b、polysemy c、antonymy d、tautology
5、relation between propositions by which a presupposes b, if for a to have a truth value, b must be true is called . a、presupposition b、entailment c、contradiction d、synonymy
6、the meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
7、“it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.
8、in grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
第六单元语义学单元测试
1、componential analysis is a method applied in the field of __________ . a、pragmatics b、phonetics c、syntax d、semantics
2、the naming theory is advanced by ________. a、bloomfield b、geoffrey leech c、firth d、plato
3、the same word has the same _____________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language. a、associative b、affective c、conceptual d、reflected
4、from a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use refers to the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. a、affective b、stylistic c、collocative d、thematic
5、“yellow” has different meanings to chinese or to western people; that is its ____________. a、conceptual b、associative c、denotative d、stylistic
6、“fall” and “autumn” are ___________________synonyms. a、stylistic b、absolute c、phrasal d、dialectal
7、partial synonyms may differ in the following aspects except ___ . a、stylistic meaning b、associative meaning c、connotative meaning d、conceptual meaning
8、which of the following is a pair of relational opposites? a、single vs. married b、hot vs. cold c、alive vs. dead d、husband vs. wife e、true vs. false f、long vs. short g、buy vs. sell
9、all the following are marked words except _______. a、small b、low c、old d、short e、tall f、slow
10、it’s everybody’s right, right? in this sentence, these two "rights" are . a、complete synonyms b、complete homonyms c、homographs d、homophones
11、x: he has been to france. y: he has been to europe. the relationship of x and y is ____________. a、x entailing y b、synonymous c、inconsistent d、x presupposing y
12、linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
13、most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
14、sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
15、sense and reference are two different aspects of semantics, the former dealing with the semantic structure of language and the latter dealing with the meaning in terms of our experience outside language.
16、hyponymy refers to the relationship held between general and specific words.
17、"fruit" is the hyponym of words like "banana", "apple", or "orange".
18、the word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
19、in english as in any language the number of words is larger than the number of meanings.
20、componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties.
chapter seven: pragmatics
7.1 pragmatics: introduction随堂测验
1、"we shall know a word by the company it keeps." this statement represents________. a、the conceptualist view b、contextualism c、the naming theory d、behaviourism
2、which of the following statements is true? a、utterances usually do not take the form of sentences. b、some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences. c、no utterances can take the form of sentences. d、all utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
3、if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________. a、constative b、directive c、utterance d、expressive
4、a sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation. a、pragmatic b、grammatical c、mental d、conceptual
5、what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered. a、reference b、speech act c、practical usage d、context
6、contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
7、the meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
8、the meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
9、utterances always take the form of complete sentences.
10、what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
7.2 speech act theory随堂测验
1、the husband coming into the kitchen is a reaction to the act of the wife’s utterance in the living room “the kettie is boiling.” a、illocutionary b、perlocutionary c、locutionary d、none of the above
2、____________ first proposed the speech act theory. a、searle b、austin c、grice d、halliday
3、the speech act theory is the study of ___________. a、language in use b、language in context c、language in dictionary d、language in book
4、the speech act theory is developed by . a、searle b、austin c、grice d、halliday
5、when somebody says “morning!”, we can ask a question like “what did he do?”. and the answer could be that he produced a sound, word or sentence. the act performed in this sense is called a act. a、illocutionary b、perlocutionary c、locutionary d、none of the above
6、____________ concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. by telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, etc. whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed.
7、__________ is the act of making a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence by virtue of the conventional force associated with it, that is, the act of showing the speaker’s intended communicative meaning through the sentence’s literal meaning. for example, when a person says “you have left the door open”, __________ performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.
7.3 cooperative principle随堂测验
1、x: shall we get something for the kids? y: yes. but i veto c-a-n-d-y. y’s answer violates maxim of ____________. a、quantity b、quality c、relation d、manner
2、__________ is advanced by paul grice. a、cooperative principle b、politeness principle c、the general principle of universal grammar d、adjacency principle
3、according to the conversational maxim of suggested by grice, one should speak truthfully. a、quantity b、quality c、relevance d、manner
4、grice introduced the following categories of maxims to specify the cp further except . a、quantity b、quality c、occasion d、manner
5、in specifying the maxism of manner in his cp theory, grice mentioned all the following except "_________". a、be relevant b、avoid ambiguity c、be brief d、avoid obscurity of expression
6、__________ is the principle suggested by grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. there are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxims, and manner maxims.
7.4 conversational implicature随堂测验
1、the theory of conversational implicature is proposed by oxford philosopher ____________. a、herbert paul grice b、john langshaw austin c、john rogers searle d、george lakoff
2、noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. a、grice b、austin c、searle d、lakoff
3、conversational implicature is a part of . a、phonetics b、semantics c、phonology d、pragmatics
4、when any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise. a、impoliteness b、contradictions c、mutual understanding d、conversational implicatures
5、according to grice, _________ refers to the extra meaning not contained in the utterance, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or he knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cp.
第七单元语用学单元测试
1、"we shall know a word by the company it keeps." this statement represents________. a、the conceptualist view b、contextualism c、the naming theory d、behaviourism
2、if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________. a、constative b、directive c、utterance d、expressive
3、what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether_________ is considered in the study of meaning. a、reference b、practical usage c、speech act d、context
4、the husband coming into the kitchen in reaction to the wife’s utterance in the living room “the kettie is boiling” is the act of the wife’s utterance. a、illocutionary b、perlocutionary c、locutionary d、speech
5、____________ first proposed the speech act theory. a、j.searle b、j.austin c、h.p.grice d、m. a. k. halliday
6、x: shall we get something for the kids? y: yes. but i veto i-c-e c-r-e-a-m. y’s answer violates maxim of ____________. a、quantity b、quality c、relation d、manner
7、grice introduced the following categories of maxims to specify the cp further, except . a、quantity b、quality c、logic d、manner
8、in specifying the maxism of manner in his cp theory, grice mentioned all the following except "_________". a、be relevant b、avoid ambiguity c、be brief d、avoid obscurity of expression e、be orderly
9、when any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise. a、impoliteness b、contradictions c、mutual understanding d、conversational implicatures
10、which of the following is not a characteristic of conversational implicature? a、calculability b、non-detachability c、non-conventionality d、cancellability e、detachability f、conventionality
11、contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
12、the meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
13、utterances always take the form of complete sentences.
14、according to the conversational maxim of manner suggested by grice, one should speak truthfully.
15、it is j. austin who first put forward the idea of conversational implicature.
16、according to the relevance theory, all gricean maxims, including the cp itself, can be reduced to a single principle of relevance.
chapter eight: psycholinguistics
8.1 psycholinguistics: introduction随堂测验
1、according to lakoff and johnson, “his greediness began to balloon quickly” represents a(an) . a、structural metaphor b、ontological metaphor c、orientational metaphor d、rhetorical metaphor
2、holds that in recognizing the spoken words higher processing levels have a direct, “top-down” influence on lower levels. lexical knowledge can affect the perception of phonemes. a、interactive model b、race model c、cohort model d、serial model
3、in cognitive linguistics, is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. a、categorization b、metaphor c、language production d、language comprehension
4、image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interaction and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
5、metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.
8.2 critical period hypothesis随堂测验
1、the ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization. a、optimum b、youngest c、flexible d、relevant
2、the children's production of expressions like "papa away", "all wet", or "boot off" indicate that they are at ___________ of their language acquisition process. a、the holophrastic stage b、the two-word stage c、the three-word stage d、the fluent grammatical conversation stage
3、the apparent specialization of the left hemisphere for language is often described as ___________, which coincides with the period during which language acquisition takes place. a、lateralization b、categorization c、localization d、standardization
4、adults' correction of children's speech determines how children speak.
5、all normal children, regardless of culture, develop language at roughly the same time, along much the same schedule.
6、children are born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, so it means that the biological basis is the only requirement for the first language acquisition.
8.3 language comprehension随堂测验
1、the ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization. a、youngest b、flexible c、optimum d、relevant
2、the neurobiologist eric lenneberg is a major proponent of the idea that ________. a、there is a distinction between acquisition and learning b、there is a critical period for language acquisition c、language influences thinking d、there is interrelationship between language and thinking
3、the case of genie shows that ____________. a、language cannot be acquired at all after the critical period b、cerebral plasticity after puberty is still high enough to for a successful mastery of a new language c、the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period d、the language learning should be done as early as possible
4、the bow-wow theory is a theory on language acquisition.
5、the capacity to acquire one’s first language is a fundamental human trait that all human beings are equally well possessed with.
6、children follow a similar acquisition schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures, though there is an idiosyncratic variation in the amount of time that takes individuals to master different aspects of the grammar.
7、language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the vocabulary and the meaning of language.
8、children who grow up in culture where caretaker speech is absent acquire their native language more slowly than children who are exposed to caretaker speech.
8.4 language production随堂测验
1、which of the following is not a major strand of psycholinguistic research? a、comprehension b、production c、practice d、acquisition
2、which of the following is not a level of representation involved in speaking a sentence according to garrett? a、the message-level representation b、the functional-level representation c、the informative-level representation d、the articulatory-level representation
3、which of the following terms is not a concept in psycholinguistics? a、processing utterances b、producing utterances c、language acquisition d、componential analysis
4、around months, the child begins to learn words at a rate of one every two waking hours, and keeps leaning that rate or faster through adolescence. a、4 b、6 c、10 d、18
5、speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.
6、language production has three stages.
7、in generation of sentences, it will go through conceptualization, word-selection corresponding to the concept-chosen and morpho-phonological encoding.
8、in generation of sentences, the first step is again conceptual preparation- deciding what to say.
8.5 cognitive linguistics随堂测验
1、which of the following is not an approach to the study of language and cognition? a、the formal approach b、the psychological approach c、the conceptual approach d、the conventional approach
2、is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. a、cognitive linguistics b、semantics c、pragmatics d、phonetics
3、according to chomsky, is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language. a、performance b、competence c、langue d、parole
4、seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring in language. a、semantics b、cognitive linguistics c、pragmatics d、phonetics
5、usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. a、cognitive linguistics b、corpus linguistics c、psycholinguistics d、semantics
6、takes the view that children acquire the language through assimilation and adaption and learn from the environment through interaction with the environment. a、cognitive theory b、categorization c、blending theory d、image schema
7、cognitive linguistics studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.
8、blending theory is proposed by fauconnier and turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental spaces” are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.
9、in cognitive linguistics, categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.
10、one of the definitions of cognition is the mental process or faculty of “knowing”, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgement.
11、cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.
8.6 categorization and image schema随堂测验
1、which of the following is not a major strand of psycholinguistic research? a、comprehension b、production c、practice d、acquisition
2、is a process for us to get familiar with the real world. a、language acquisition b、language comprehension c、language production d、language learning
3、language comprehension consists of three stages except . a、word recognition b、comprehension of sentences c、comprehension of text d、language learning
4、_________ factors stand in the way of sentence comprehension. a、2 b、3 c、4 d、5
5、speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.
6、if a language lacks a word, its speakers will not be able to grasp its concept.
7、word recognition can be viewed in terms of recognition of spoken words and printed words.
8、sentence is the net of propositions that make up the semantic interpretations of individual sentences.
9、language comprehension is a process for us to get familiar with the real word. we can instinctively connect the known items stored in our mind to the unknown ones and access to more information in processing and comprehending language.
8.7 metaphor随堂测验
1、according to lakoff and johnson, when we are using spatial terms to talk about non-spatial concepts, we are using _____________ metaphor. a、ontological b、structural c、orientational d、rhetorical
2、lakoff and johnson classify conceptual metaphors into 3 categories, including:_______________. a、ontological metaphor b、structural metaphor c、containment metaphor d、orientational metaphor
3、according to lakoff and johnson, structural metaphors are grounded in our experience.
4、metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. it is often described in terms of a _________ domain and a ______________ domain.
5、metonymy, in the cognitive literature, is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provided mental access to the target domain within the same domain, and it is modeled as ___________________ by lakoff.
第八单元心理语言学测验
1、the ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization. a、optimum b、youngest c、flexible d、relevant
2、which of the following is not a subject of research within psycholinguistics? a、language production. b、language comprehension. c、language acquisition. d、language planning. e、language disorder. f、language and thought. g、language documentation.
3、is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. a、cognitive linguistics b、psycholinguistics c、pragmatics d、phonetics
4、usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. a、corpus linguistics b、psycholinguistics c、cognitive linguistics d、semantics
5、according to lakoff and johnson, “his greediness began to balloon quickly” represents a(an) . a、structural metaphor b、rhetorical metaphor c、ontological metaphor d、orientational metaphor
6、which of the following fields does not have much influence on psycholinguistics? a、structural linguistics. b、cognitive psychology. c、transformational grammar. d、systemetic-functional grammar. e、neurosciences.
7、which of the following is not an approach to the study of language and cognition? a、the psychological approach. b、the conceptual approach. c、the formal approach. d、the pragmatic approach.
8、_________ is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain; and in cognitive literature is modeled as idealized cognitive models. a、metonymy b、metaphor c、mental space d、cross-space mapping
9、in cognitive linguistics, is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. a、categorization b、blending c、construal d、reasoning and judgment e、conceptualization
10、the categories at the _________ are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. a、superordinate level b、subordinate level c、basic level d、primary level
11、the bow-wow theory is a theory on language acquisition.
12、one of the definitions of cognition is the mental process or faculty of “knowing”, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment.
13、word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.
14、the conceptual approach to the study of language and cognition can be said to address how language structures conceptual content.
15、the reinforcement theory, based on behaviourist psychology, is used to account for linguistic behaviour with stimulus and response.
16、child language acquisition results from the interaction of the innate linguistic competence and the postnatal experiences of the external world.
17、image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interaction and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
chapter nine: sociolinguistics
9.1 varieties of language随堂测验
1、the phenomenon that americans and british people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of_____________ a、phonetic similarity b、free variation c、complementary distribution d、allophones
2、a linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use. a、slang b、euphemism c、jargon d、taboo
3、in normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background. a、female; male b、male; female c、old; young d、young; old
4、_________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. a、regional variation b、changes in emotions c、variation in connotations d、stylistic variation
5、a ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. a、lingua franca b、register c、creole d、national language
6、social dialects, or , are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes. a、sociolects b、regional dialects c、slang d、jargon
7、are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. a、registers b、situational dialects c、slangs d、jargons
8、is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation. a、ethnic dialect b、regional dialect c、situational dialect d、social dialect
9、not everyone speaks a dialect.
10、black english is not a standard variety of english language.
11、speech is derivative of writing.
12、language slowly changes.
13、functional speech varieties are known as regional dialects.
14、jargon is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but non-standard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.
15、taboo, or rather linguistic taboo, denotes any prohibition by the polite society on the use of particular lexical items to refer to objects or acts.
9.2 sapir-whorf hypothesis随堂测验
1、is a theory put forward by the american anthropological linguists sapir and whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined by the structure of their native language. a、linguistic determinism b、linguistic relativism c、sapir-whorf hypothesis d、communicative competence
2、whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of . a、linguistic determinism b、linguistic relativism c、linguistic differences d、linguistic variations
3、language by no means determines the ways we perceive the objective world, but by its convenience, availability, and habitual use, does influence the perceptions of human being.
4、human beings cannot think without language, just as they cannot speak without thinking.
5、the language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and therefore the nature of thought.
6、sapir-whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the american anthropological linguists sapir and whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.
9.3 cross-cultural communication随堂测验
1、the key to effective cross-cultural communication is . a、knowledge b、language c、nationality d、relationship
2、which of the following principle is not the rules that speakers should obey. a、say what you want to say. b、when in rome do as the romans do. c、put yourself in others’ shoes d、one culture’s meat is another culture’s poison
3、language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.
4、language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.
5、the linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as social markers of group membership.
6、geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.
7、the kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.
第九单元社会语言学测验
1、in normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background. a、female;male b、male;female c、young;old d、old;young
2、the most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is . a、accent b、use of words c、use of structures d、morphemes
3、is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. a、regional variation b、language variation c、register variation d、social variation
4、the phenomenon that americans and british people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of ________. a、allophones b、complementary distribution c、free variation d、phonetic similarity
5、social dialects, or , are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes. a、sociolects b、regional dialects c、slang d、jargon
6、are situation-specific language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations,or when communicating with a particular group of people. a、registers b、slangs c、jargons d、situational dialects
7、is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation. a、ethnic dialect b、regional dialect c、social dialect d、situational dialect
8、which of the following statements is not right about the hypothesis of "women register"? a、it assumes that there do exist gender differences in speech between men and women. b、it is argued that the gender differences in speech are brought about by women's place in society. c、it claims that the linguistic differences between men and women are culturally and socially governed. d、it is george lakoff who initiated the real sociolinguistic study of gender differences in american english.
9、which of the following statements is not true about the sapir-whorf hypothesis? a、the strong version of this hypothesis claims that language plays a decisive role in shaping our thinking patterns. b、the weak version of this hypothesis claims that there is a correlation between language, culture and thought. c、this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. d、the hypothesis of linguistic determinism is now generally agreed to be true.
10、language changes fast.
11、language by no means determines the ways we perceive the objective world, but by its convenience, availability, and habitual use, does influence the perceptions of human being.
12、every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of distinct idiolect.
13、black english is not a standard variety of english language.
14、if dialectal diversity comes from the degree of communicative isolation which results from social factors, it is called a social dialect.
15、anthropological linguistics aims to look at the relationship between language and culture in a speech community.
16、ethnography of communication is an authoritative research framework in a linguistic study of social and cognitive factors.
chapter ten: theories and schools of modern linguistics
10. theories and schools of modern linguistics随堂测验
1、chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an) . a、language acquisition device b、generative grammar c、innateness hypothesis d、universal grammar
2、the representative figure of tg grammar is . a、halliday b、chomsky c、malinowski d、saussure
3、the most important contribution of the prague school to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of . a、function b、meaning c、signs d、system
4、we can often find the phrase immediate constituents in . a、transformational generative grammar b、systemic functional grammar c、traditional grammar d、structural grammar
5、modern linguistics began from , who is often described as “father of modern linguistics”. a、chomsky b、halliday c、bloomfield d、saussure
6、chomsky believes that every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a that expresses his knowledge of his language. a、generative grammar b、functional grammar c、competence d、performance
7、functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction.
8、generative grammar means a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.
第十单元现代语言学理论与流派测验
1、the most important contribution of the prague school to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of . a、function b、meaning c、signs d、system
2、modern linguistics began from , who is often described as “father of modern linguistics”. a、chomsky b、saussure c、halliday d、bloomfield
3、chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and in psychology. a、mentalism b、behaviorism c、sentimentalism d、empiricism
4、tg grammar has seen stages of development. a、four b、five c、six d、seven
5、chomsky's concept of linguistic performance is similar to saussure's concept of . a、langue b、parole c、competence d、description
6、which of the following is not a major contribution of the prague school? a、it sees language in terms of function. b、it justifies the synchronic study of language. c、it emphasized the systemic character of language. d、it clarifies the distinction between phonetics and phonology. e、it marks the maturity of descriptive linguistics.
7、grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach. a、systemetic-functional b、tg c、structural d、functional
8、according to the functional sentence perspective, the rheme in the sentence "by it stands karl" is . a、by it b、stands c、by it stands d、karl
9、according to systemic grammar, "the train left five minutes ago" belongs to a kind of process. a、action b、event c、mental d、relational
10、which of the following is not saussure's contribution to modern linguistics? a、he made the distinction between langue and parole. b、he made the distinction between the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in syntax. c、he views language as system of signs and points out the arbitrary nature of the sign. d、he argues that phonetics belongs to parole whereas phonology belongs to langue.
11、generative grammar means a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.
12、j.r. firth and the anthropologist b. malinnowski, and m.a.k. halliday all stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of language.
13、american structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the united states at the beginning of the twentieth century.
14、the standard theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.
15、malinowski believes that language is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a counterpart of thought.
16、systemic-functional grammar takes actual use of language as the object of study, while tg grammar takes the ideal speaker's linguistic competence as the object of study.
17、according to halliday, the adult's language serve three meta-functions: the ideational, the interpersonal, and the textual functions.